Abstract
This study examines how students and teachers perceive science, mathematics, engineering and technology (STEM) learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected through student and teacher surveys, conducted in 22 public and 17 private secondary schools at Qatar. Participants included 1,505 students and 545 teachers in grades 11 and 12. Results showed students’ and teachers’ demographic factors, including gender, school type, grade level, and majors, emerged as salient predictors of perceptions of the pandemic as disruptive to students’ STEM learning. Specifically, both students and teachers perceived keeping up with coursework, being physically isolated from classmates, and keeping a regular schedule at home to be key barriers. Results further revealed that neither students nor teachers viewed communicating with staff and teachers, losing contact with teachers, or accessing and using technology as barriers. Moreover, school type and gender were important predictors of how students and teachers perceived STEM learning during the pandemic.
Keywords
License
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, 2022, Volume 18, Issue 6, Article No: em2123
https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12102
Publication date: 22 May 2022
Article Views: 1862
Article Downloads: 1386
Open Access Disclosures References How to cite this articleDisclosure
Declaration of Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest is declared by author(s).
Data sharing statement: Data supporting the findings and conclusions are available upon request from the corresponding author(s).
References
- Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180
- Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students’ perspectives. Online Submission, 2(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP. 2020261309
- Ahmed, V., & Opoku, A. (2021). Technology supported learning and pedagogy in times of crisis: The case of COVID-19 pandemic. Education and Information Technologies, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10706-w
- Alibraheim, E. A. (2021). Factors affecting freshman engineering students’ attitudes toward mathematics. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(6), em1973. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/10899
- Allen, J. (2020, March 13). How technological innovation in education is taking on COVID-19. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeanneallen/
- Almanthari, A., Maulina, S., & Bruce, S. (2020). Secondary school mathematics teachers’ views on e-learning implementation barriers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Indonesia. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7), em1860. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8240
- Al-Thani, W. A., Ari, I., & Koc, M. (2021). Education as a critical factor of sustainability: Case study in Qatar from the teachers’ development perspective. Sustainability, 13(20), 11525. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011525
- Amunga, J. (2021). Leveraging technology to enhance STEM education amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of pertinent concerns. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 18, 40-55. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v18i1.3044
- Areepattamannil, S., Khine, M., Melkonian, M., Welch, A., Al Nuaimi, S., & Rashad, F. (2015). International note: Are Emirati parents’ attitudes toward mathematics linked to their adolescent children’s attitudes toward mathematics and mathematics achievement? Journal of Adolescence, 44(2), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.07.002
- Axmedova, T. B., & Kenjayeva, N. D. (2021). Advantages and disadvantages of online learning. Eurasian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3, 48-50.
- Bao, W. (2020). COVID‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191
- Baptista, M., Costa, E., & Martins, I. (2020). STEM education during the COVID-19: Teachers’ perspectives about strategies, challenges and effects on students’ learning. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(6A), 1043-1054. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/20.19.1043
- Blizak, D., Blizak, S., Bouchenak, O., & Yahiaoui, K. (2020). Students’ perceptions regarding the abrupt transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Case of faculty of chemistry and hydrocarbons at the University of Boumerdes—Algeria. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2466-2471. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00668
- Blotnicky, K. A., Franz-Odendaal, T., French, F., & Joy, P. (2018). A study of the correlation between STEM career knowledge, mathematics self-efficacy, career interests, and career activities on the likelihood of pursuing a STEM career among middle school students. International Journal of STEM Education, 5(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0118-3
- Blustein, D. L. (2013). The Oxford handbook of the psychology of working. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199758791.001.0001
- Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to corona virus pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), i-vi.
- Buchberger, A. R., Evans, T., & Doolittle, P. (2020). Analytical chemistry online? Lessons learned from transitioning a project lab online due to COVID-19. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2976-2980. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00799
- Buckley, K., Stone, S., Farrell, A. M., Glynn, M., Lowney, R., & Smyth, S. (2021) Learning from student experience: Large, higher education classes transitioning online. Irish Educational Studies, 40(2), 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2021.1916566
- Castro, E., & George, J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on student perceptions of education and engagement. E-Journal of Business Education and Scholarship of Teaching, 15(1), 28-39.
- Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2017). Relationship of middle school student STEM interest to career intent. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 3(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21891/jeseh.275649
- Crawford, J., Butler-Henderson, K., Rudolph, J., & Glowatz, M. (2020). COVID-19: 20 countries’ higher education intra-period digital pedagogy responses. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 3, 9-28. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2020.3.1.7
- Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
- DeWitt, J., & Archer, L. (2015). Who aspires to a science career? A comparison of survey responses from primary and secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 37(13), 2170-2192. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1071899
- Dhurumraj, T., Ramaila, S., Raban, F., & Ashruf, A. (2020). Broadening educational pathways to STEM education through online teaching and learning during COVID-19: Teachers’ perspectives. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(6A), 1055-1067. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/20.19.1055
- Driessen, E., Beatty, A., Stokes, A., Wood, S., & Ballen, C. (2020). Learning principles of evolution during a crisis: An exploratory analysis of student barriers one week and one month into the COVID‐19 pandemic. Ecology and Evolution, 10(22), 12431-12436. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6741
- Evagorou, M., & Nisiforou, E. (2020). Engaging pre-service teachers in an online STEM fair during COVID-19. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 179-186.
- Feng, X., Ioan, N., & Li, Y. (2021). Comparison of the effect of online teaching during COVID-19 and pre-pandemic traditional teaching in compulsory education. The Journal of Educational Research, 114(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.1930986
- Gamage, K. A., Wijesuriya, D. I., Ekanayake, S. Y., Rennie, A. E., Lambert, C. G., & Gunawardhana, N. (2020). Online delivery of teaching and laboratory practices: Continuity of university programmes during COVID-19 pandemic. Education Sciences, 10(10), 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100291
- GSDP. (2009). Qatar’s second national human development report: Advancing sustainable development Qatar National Vision 2030. Qatar General Secretariat for Development Planning. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/qhdr_en_2009.pdf
- GSDP. (2012). Qatar’s third national development report: Expanding the capabilities of Qatari youth. Qatar General Secretariat for Development Planning. https://www.psa.gov.qa/en/aboutus1/Documents/hdr3_en.pdf
- Harahap, F., Tumewu, W. A., & Wowor, E. C. (2020). Evaluation and creativity of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(10), 858-860.
- Heeg, D., & Avraamidou, L. (2021). Life-experiences of female students in physics: The outsiders within. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(7), em1983. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/10991
- Herwin, H., Hastomo, A., Saptono, B., Ardiansyah, A. R., & Wibowo, S. E. (2021). How elementary school teachers organized online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic? World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 13(3), 437-449. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i3.5952
- Hoff, K. A., Briley, D. A., Wee, C. J. M., & Rounds, J. (2018). Normative changes in interests from adolescence to adulthood: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 426-451. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000140
- Holmes, K., Gore, J., Smith, M., & Lloyd, A. (2018). An integrated analysis of school students’ aspirations for STEM careers: Which student and school factors are most predictive? International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 16(4), 655-675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-016-9793-z
- Iwanaga, J., Loukas, M., Dumont, A. S., & Tubbs, R. S. (2021). A review of anatomy education during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic: Revisiting traditional and modern methods to achieve future innovation. Clinical Anatomy, 34(1), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23655
- Janssen, L. (2020). How COVID-19 exposed challenges for technology in education. G-STIC News. https://www.gstic.org/inspiration/how-covid-19-has-exposed-the-challenges-for-technology-in-education/
- Joshi, A., Vinay, M., & Bhaskar, P. (2021). Impact of coronavirus pandemic on the Indian education sector: Perspectives of teachers on online teaching and assessments. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 18(2), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-06-2020-0087
- Kalogeropoulos, P., Roche, A., Russo, J., Vats, S., & Russo, T. (2021). Learning mathematics from home during COVID-19: Insights from two inquiry-focused primary schools. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(5), em1957. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/10830
- Kim, L. E., & Asbury, K. (2020). ‘Like a rug had been pulled from under you’: The impact of COVID‐19 on teachers in England during the first six weeks of the UK lockdown. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 1062-1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12381
- Kong, A. P. H. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on college seniors’ learning and performance in communication sciences and disorders: Students’ self-reflections. Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders, 5(3), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2020.00262
- Lassoued, Z., Alhendawi, M., & Bashitialshaaer, R. (2020). An exploratory study of the obstacles for achieving quality in distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Education Sciences, 10(9), 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10090232
- Lee, O., & Campbell, T. (2020). What science and STEM teachers can learn from COVID-19: Harnessing data science and computer science through the convergence of multiple STEM subjects? Journal of Science Teacher Education, 31(8), 932-944, https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2020.1814980
- Lempinen, E. (2020, May 27). The pandemic could open a door to new technology-and dramatic innovation-in education. Berkeley News. https://news.berkeley.educ/category/research/technologyengineering
- Lindemann, D., Britton, D., & Zundl, E. (2016). “I don’t know why they make it so hard here”: Institutional factors and undergraduate women’s STEM participation. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 8(2), 221-241.
- Martin, M. O., & Mullis, I. V. (2019). TIMSS 2015: Illustrating advancements in large-scale international assessments. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 44(6), 752-781. https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998619882030
- MDPS. (2015). Qatar’s fourth national human development report. Realising Qatar National Vision 2030: The right to development. Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/qatar_ nhdr4_english_15june2015.pdf
- Means, B., & Neisler, J. (2020). Unmasking inequality: STEM course experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital Promise. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12265/102
- Miller, E. C., Reigh, E., Berland, L., & Krajcik, J. (2021). Supporting equity in virtual science instruction through project-based learning: Opportunities and challenges in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 32(6), 642-663. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046560X.2021.1873549
- Moorhouse, B. L., & Wong, K. M. (2021a). Blending asynchronous and synchronous digital technologies and instructional approaches to facilitate remote learning. Journal of Computers in Education, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00195-8
- Moorhouse, B. L., & Wong, K. M. (2021b). The COVID-19 pandemic as a catalyst for teacher pedagogical and technological innovation and development: Teachers’ perspectives. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2021.1988511
- Mseleku, Z. (2020). A literature review of e-learning and e-teaching in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. SAGE, 57(52), 588-597.
- Mulenga, E. M., & Marbán, J. M. (2020). Prospective teachers’ online learning mathematics activities in the age of COVID-19: A cluster analysis approach. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(9), em1845. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8345
- Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Hooper, M. (2016). The TIMSS 2015 international results in mathematics. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College. http://timss2015.org/wp-content/uploads/filebase/full%20pdfs/T15-International-Results-in-Mathematics.pdf
- Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Arora, A. (2012). The TIMSS 2011 international results in mathematics. TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College. https://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/downloads/T11_IR_Mathematics_FullBook.pdf
- Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., Kelly, D. L., Fishbein, B. (2020). The TIMSS 2019 international results in mathematics and science. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College. https://www.iea.nl/sites/default/files/2020-12/TIMSS%202019-International-Results-in-Mathematics-and-Science.pdf
- OECD. (2014). PISA 2012 results in focus: What 15 year olds know and what they can do with what they know. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-overview.pdf
- OECD. (2016). PISA 2015 results in focus. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf
- OECD. (2018). Qatar: Student performance (PISA 2018). Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=QAT&treshold=10&topic=PI
- Pagoto, S., Lewis, K. A., Groshon, L., Palmer, L., Waring, M. E., Workman, D., De Luna, N., & Brown, N. P. (2021). STEM undergraduates’ perspectives of instructor and university responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020. PloS ONE, 16(8), e0256213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256213
- Qazi, A., Naseer, K., Qazi, J., Al Salman, H., Naseem, U., Yang, S., Hardaker, G., & Gumaei, A. (2020). Conventional to online education during COVID-19 pandemic: Do developed and underdeveloped nations cope alike. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105582
- Redmond‐Sanogo, A., Angle, J., & Davis, E. (2016). Kinks in the STEM pipeline: Tracking STEM graduation rates using science and mathematics performance. School Science and Mathematics, 116(7), 378-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12195
- Richer, R. A. (2014). Sustainable development in Qatar: Challenges and opportunities. QScience Connect, 2014(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.5339/connect.2014.22
- Roache, D., Rowe-Holder, D. & Muschette, R. (2020). Transitioning to online distance Learning in the COVID-19 era: A call for skilled leadership in higher education institutions (HEIs). International Studies in Educational Administration, 48(1), 103-110.
- Roslan, N. S., & Halim, A. S. (2021). Enablers and barriers to online learning among medical students during COVID-19 pandemic: An explanatory mixed-method study. Sustainability, 13(11), 6086. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116086
- Saadati, F., Giaconi, V., Chandia, E., Fuenzalida, N., & Donoso, M. R. (2021). Beliefs and practices about remote teaching processes during the pandemic: A study with Chilean mathematics teachers. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(11), em2023. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/11201
- Sahin, A., & Waxman, H. C. (2020). Characteristics of secondary students who have intentions to choose a STEM major in college: Findings from a three-year study. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(12), em1922. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/9332
- Said, Z. (2016). Science education reform in Qatar: Progress and challenges. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(8), 2253-2265. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2016.1301a
- Saleem, M., Kamarudin, S., Shoaib, H. M., & Nasar, A. (2021). Influence of augmented reality app on intention towards e-learning amidst COVID-19 pandemic. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1919147
- Saw, G. K., Chang, C.-N., Lomelí, U., & Zhi, M. (2020). Gender disparities in remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey of STEM faculty and students. NREED Data Brief. No 2. https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10221726
- Sayed, Y., Singh, M., Bulgrin, E., Henry, M., Williams, D., Metcalfe, M., Pesambili, J., & Mindano, G. (2021). Teacher support, preparedness and resilience during times of crises and uncertainty: COVID-19 and education in the Global South. Journal of Education (University of KwaZulu-Natal), 84, 125-154. https://doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i84a07
- Schaefer, M. B., Abrams, S. S., Kurpis, M., Abrams, M., & Abrams, C. (2020). “Making the unusual usual”: Students’ perspectives and experiences of learning at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Middle Grades Review, 6(2), n2.
- Selco, J. I., & Habbak, M. (2021). STEM students’ perceptions on emergency online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and successes. Education Sciences, 11(12), 799. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120799
- Simamora, R. M., de Fretes, D., Purba, E. D., & Pasaribu, D. (2020). Practices, challenges, and prospects of online learning during COVID-19 pandemic in higher education: Lecturer perspectives. Studies in Learning and Teaching, 1(3), 185-208. https://doi.org/10.46627/silet.v1i3.45
- Singh, J., Matthees, B., & Odetunde, A. (2021). Leaning online education during COVID-19 pandemic–attitudes and perceptions of non-traditional adult learners. Quality Assurance in Education, 29(4), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-12-2020-0147
- Starkey, L., Shonfeld, M., Prestridge, S., & Cervera, M. G. (2021). COVID-19 and the role of technology and pedagogy on school education during a pandemic. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2021.1866838
- Suyono, R., & Agustini, R. (2021). Analysis of science process skills of chemical education students through self-project based learning (SjBL) in the COVID-19 pandemic era. JOTSE: Journal of Technology and Science Education, 11(2), 371-387. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1288
- Tai, R. H., Liu, C. Q., Maltese, A. V., & Fan, X. (2006). Planning early for careers in science. Life Science, 312, 1143-1144. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128690
- Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1759225
- Thomas, M., & Bryson, J. R. (2021). Combining proximate with online learning in real-time: ambidextrous teaching and pathways towards inclusion during COVID-19 restrictions and beyond. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2021.1900085
- Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for higher education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The Philippine context. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947
- Toti, G., & Alipour, M. A. (2021). Computer science students’ perceptions of emergency remote teaching: An experience report. SN Computer Science, 2(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00733-2
- UNESCO. (2020, June 19). STEM in Kenya: Digital program launch. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/news/stem-kenya-digital-programme-launch
- Van, D. T. H., & Thi, H. H. Q. (2021). Student barriers to prospects of online learning in Vietnam in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(3), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.961824
- Vaterlaus, J. M., Shaffer, T., & Pulsipher, L. (2021). College student interpersonal and institutional relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative exploratory study. The Social Science Journal, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2021.1949553
- Vegas, E. (2020, April 9). What can COVID-19 teach us about strengthening educations systems? A conversation with the dean of Harvard Graduate School of Education. Brookings. https://www.broookings.edu/experts/emiliana-vegas/
- Wang, S., Shi, G., Lu, M., Lin, R., & Yang, J. (2021). Determinants of active online learning in the smart learning environment: An empirical study with PLS-SEM. Sustainability, 13(17), 9923. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179923
- Warschauer, M. (2012). The digital divide and social inclusion. Americas Quarterly, 6(2), 131-135.
- Wiseman, A. W., Faisal A. A., & Ahmad A. (2016). The intersection of citizenship status, STEM education, and expected labor market participation in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Digest of Middle East Studies, 25(2), 362-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12087
- Xie, X., Siau, K., & Nah, F. F. H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic–online education in the new normal and the next normal. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, 22(3), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2020.1824884
- Xue, E., Li, J., Li, T., & Shang, W. (2021). China’s education response to COVID-19: A perspective of policy analysis. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 53(9), 881-893. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2020.1793653
- Yilmaz, F. G. K., Ustun, A. B., & Yilmaz, R. (2020). Investigation of pre-service teachers’ opinions on advantages and disadvantages of online formative assessment: An example of online multiple-choice exam. Journal of Teacher Education and Lifelong Learning, 2(1), 1-8.
- Yuliansyah, A., & Ayu, M. (2021). The implementation of project-based assignment in online learning during COVID-19. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 2(1), 32-38.
- Zawacki-Richter, O., Conrad, D., Bozkurt, A., Aydin, C. H., Bedenlier, S., Jung, I., & Kerres, M. (2020). Elements of open education: An invitation to future research. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 21(3), 319-334. http://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v21i3.4659
How to cite this article
APA
Kayan Fadlelmula, F., Sellami, A., & Le, K. (2022). STEM learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar: Secondary school students’ and teachers’ perspectives. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 18(6), em2123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12102
Vancouver
Kayan Fadlelmula F, Sellami A, Le K. STEM learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar: Secondary school students’ and teachers’ perspectives. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2022;18(6):em2123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12102
AMA
Kayan Fadlelmula F, Sellami A, Le K. STEM learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar: Secondary school students’ and teachers’ perspectives. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed. 2022;18(6), em2123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12102
Chicago
Kayan Fadlelmula, Fatma, Abdellatif Sellami, and Kien Le. "STEM learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar: Secondary school students’ and teachers’ perspectives". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2022 18 no. 6 (2022): em2123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12102
Harvard
Kayan Fadlelmula, F., Sellami, A., and Le, K. (2022). STEM learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar: Secondary school students’ and teachers’ perspectives. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 18(6), em2123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12102
MLA
Kayan Fadlelmula, Fatma et al. "STEM learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar: Secondary school students’ and teachers’ perspectives". Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, vol. 18, no. 6, 2022, em2123. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12102